在電力系統中，高低壓無功補償柜用于提高供電質量，降低線(xian)路損耗，具有經濟節約型的(de)(de)配電特點。當(dang)發(fa)生(sheng)不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)電流時，無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)裝置(zhi)可以將其三相(xiang)的(de)(de)功(gong)率因數補(bu)償(chang)(chang)至1，從而達到三相(xiang)間的(de)(de)平(ping)衡(heng)。那么高低壓無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)柜是(shi)如何調整不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)電流的(de)(de)？其原理(li)是(shi)什(shen)么呢？

一、如何(he)調整不平衡電(dian)流

設有一(yi)個電阻連(lian)接在A相(xiang)(xiang)與B相(xiang)(xiang)兩端，這是(shi)一(yi)個典型的(de)(de)不平衡(heng)負荷，調整不平衡(heng)電流的(de)(de)目標(biao)就是(shi)將這個電阻的(de)(de)電流平均分配到三相(xiang)(xiang)當中去，具體的(de)(de)方法如圖1所示：

A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間接入一個適(shi)當的(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)L將(jiang)(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)1/3轉移到C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這時電(dian)(dian)感(gan)L在A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)恰好將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)阻在A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)(diao)。在B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間接入一個適(shi)當的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)C將(jiang)(jiang)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)1/3轉移到C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這時電(dian)(dian)容(rong)C在B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)恰好將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)阻在B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)(diao)。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)L在C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)恰好將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)C在C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)(diao)。這樣三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)完全平(ping)衡，并且三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率因數全等(deng)于1。

設有一(yi)(yi)個電阻連接在A相(xiang)與零線(xian)之間，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)另一(yi)(yi)個典型(xing)的(de)不平(ping)衡負荷，調整不平(ping)衡電流(liu)的(de)目標就是(shi)將這(zhe)(zhe)個電阻的(de)電流(liu)平(ping)均分配(pei)到三(san)相(xiang)當中去，具體的(de)方(fang)法如圖2所示(shi)：

在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)(yu)C相(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)適當(dang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L1將(jiang)(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)1/3轉(zhuan)移到C相(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)(yu)B相(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)適當(dang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1將(jiang)(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)1/3轉(zhuan)移到B相(xiang)(xiang)，這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L1在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)產生的(de)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)恰好將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)產生的(de)容(rong)性(xing)無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)。在(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)(yu)零(ling)線(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L2將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C1在(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)產生的(de)容(rong)性(xing)無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)。在(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)(yu)零(ling)線(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C2將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L1在(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)產生的(de)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉(diao)。于是(shi)三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)完(wan)全(quan)平衡，并且三相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)功率因數全(quan)等(deng)于1。

二、無功補償的原理

電容器和(he)電抗器的安裝(zhuang)方(fang)式在電力系統種安裝(zhuang)方(fang)式主要主要有2種：串聯和(he)并聯。

1、串(chuan)聯電抗器的作(zuo)用(yong)：

防(fang)止電(dian)容器(qi)和用電(dian)系統發(fa)生串、并聯(lian)諧振后，導致(zhi)諧波(bo)被放大(da)，而使電(dian)容器(qi)過電(dian)流而損壞

限制過電流

2、并聯電抗(kang)器的作用：

實現吸收電(dian)纜線路(lu)中的(de)充電(dian)容性無功，并且電(dian)抗器還能(neng)有效的(de)防止發電(dian)機帶(dai)長線路(lu)時會發生(sheng)自勵此諧振現象。民用建筑(zhu)中，感性負載較多，諧波影響(xiang)更大(da)，因此電(dian)容器前端(duan)宜串聯電(dian)抗器。

在建筑物中(zhong)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備除了電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)負載外，大(da)(da)部分用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備均(jun)屬感性用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負載。這些感性負載，使供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相位發生改變(bian)，因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波動大(da)(da)，無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)增大(da)(da)，浪(lang)費大(da)(da)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。當功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數過(guo)低(di)時，以致供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)(da)導(dao)致超負載現象。目前，高(gao)低(di)壓無功(gong)補償裝置廣(guang)泛應用(yong)在各(ge)行(xing)各(ge)業的(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)項目中(zhong)，確保供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)質量。

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