電容柜廠家帶您了解無功功率和有功功率的區別
在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)對用戶(hu)輸電(dian)(dian)的過程中,電(dian)(dian)網(wang)要(yao)提供給(gei)負載的電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)有兩種(zhong):有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)和無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)。
有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(p)是指保(bao)持設備運轉所需(xu)要的(de)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv),也(ye)就是將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉化為其它形式(shi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(機械(xie)能(neng)(neng),光能(neng)(neng),熱(re)能(neng)(neng)等(deng))的(de)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv);
而無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)(Q)是指電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)中電(dian)感、電(dian)容等元件工作時建立磁(ci)場所需(xu)的電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)。
無功功率比較(jiao)抽象,它(ta)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)場與磁(ci)場的能(neng)量(liang)交(jiao)換,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)路系統)中建立和維護磁(ci)場的功率。它(ta)不(bu)表現對(dui)外(wai)(wai)做功,由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化為磁(ci)能(neng),又由(you)磁(ci)場轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),周而復始(shi),并(bing)(bing)無能(neng)量(liang)損耗。特別(bie)指出的是(shi)無功功率并(bing)(bing)不(bu)是(shi)無用(yong)(yong)功,只是(shi)它(ta)不(bu)直接轉化為機械能(neng)、熱(re)能(neng)為外(wai)(wai)界提供能(neng)量(liang),作用(yong)(yong)卻十(shi)分重要(yao)。
電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)可以轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)各種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)。如:通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)爐轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng),通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)機械能(neng)(neng)(neng),通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)燈轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)光能(neng)(neng)(neng)等。在這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)轉(zhuan)換(huan)中所消耗(hao)的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為有功電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。而記(ji)錄這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的電(dian)(dian)表為有功電(dian)(dian)度表。
電(dian)(dian)工原理(li)告訴我們,有些電(dian)(dian)器(qi)裝置(zhi)在作能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)先得建立一(yi)種轉(zhuan)換(huan)的環境,如:電(dian)(dian)動機,變壓(ya)器(qi)等要先建立一(yi)個磁(ci)場才能(neng)(neng)作能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan),還有些電(dian)(dian)器(qi)裝置(zhi)是要先建立一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)場才能(neng)(neng)作能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)。而建立磁(ci)場和電(dian)(dian)場所需的電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)都是無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。
我們使用電(dian)(dian)氣設備的(de)(de)時(shi)候,除了電(dian)(dian)爐、白熾燈等(deng)依靠發(fa)熱做(zuo)功的(de)(de)純電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)電(dian)(dian)路以外,還有(you)很(hen)多帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)或電(dian)(dian)感性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)器。它(ta)們與純阻(zu)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)器有(you)什(shen)么區(qu)別呢?
在額定的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)條件下,純阻性的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)器,從電(dian)網吸收的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)功率(lv)是一定的(de)(de)(de),穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)。
而容性(xing)或感性(xing)的(de)電(dian)器,除了(le)從電(dian)網吸收一(yi)定的(de)用電(dian)功(gong)率外(為(wei)了(le)區別另外一(yi)種功(gong)率的(de)性(xing)質,我(wo)們(men)稱之為(wei)有用功(gong),也叫有功(gong)),
還會(hui)從電網(wang)(wang)中吸收一種(zhong)(zhong)“它(ta)實際不(bu)會(hui)消耗,但你必須要(yao)給的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)臨(lin)時性(xing)的(de)占(zhan)用功率(lv)(lv),當電網(wang)(wang)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)發(fa)生改變的(de)時候,它(ta)又會(hui)把這種(zhong)(zhong)功率(lv)(lv)還給你,它(ta)始終都是這樣一來一回地,在做(zuo)著無(wu)用功”所以這種(zhong)(zhong)功率(lv)(lv)的(de)占(zhan)用消耗叫著“無(wu)功”。
無功(gong)有(you)什么不利之處(chu)呢(ni)?
比如有一臺變壓(ya)器能夠(gou)提供 100KW 功率的(de)電能 (當然這種比方有點(dian)不(bu)合適,但也不(bu)影響),有兩個(ge)單(dan)(dan)位,甲單(dan)(dan)位需要 80KW 的(de)負(fu)荷,另乙個(ge)單(dan)(dan)位需要 20KW 的(de)負(fu)荷,一起用挺好(hao)的(de),但是(shi),想不(bu)到的(de)事情發生了(le)。
甲單位(wei)除(chu)了80KW 的有功負(fu)荷外,還有 20KW (實(shi)際衡(heng)量的單位(wei)是kvar)的無功負(fu)荷,兩個單位(wei)加起來(lai)的負(fu)荷變壓器帶不了。
后來甲單(dan)(dan)位投入(ru)了 20KW (實(shi)際衡(heng)量的單(dan)(dan)位是kvar)的電容器(qi)組,對無功負荷(he)進行了補償,這(zhe)臺變壓器(qi)就又可以帶兩(liang)個單(dan)(dan)位的供電了。
正因為(wei)有無功(gong)的存在,而且又可以采用(yong)適(shi)當的方式進(jin)行補(bu)償(chang),使有限的供(gong)(gong)電(dian)設備能夠得到充分的利用(yong),那么供(gong)(gong)電(dian)部門就肯定(ding)要(yao)對用(yong)戶(hu)進(jin)行無功(gong)電(dian)量(liang)的計量(liang)了。
其(qi)實說穿了(le),有(you)功和(he)(he)無功都是(shi)功率(lv)的表(biao)現方式(shi),只是(shi)一(yi)個在設備(bei)上消耗(hao)了(le),一(yi)個在來回地(di)拉鋸沒有(you)消耗(hao)。他們的實質性的差(cha)別就是(shi)相(xiang)位角度不(bu)一(yi)樣,因(yin)此(ci),在測量的原理和(he)(he)結構上沒有(you)什么區別,只是(shi)抽取(qu)電流信號的相(xiang)位不(bu)同而已(yi)。
安徽得潤電氣生產的高壓電容補償柜主(zhu)要(yao)是根據配電(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)負(fu)荷(he)狀況,自(zi)動(dong)分步投(tou)(tou)切并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)在配電(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)3~20kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組,提(ti)供相應的容(rong)(rong)性無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。該裝置突(tu)破了(le)原(yuan)電(dian)力系統中電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)組使用整組進行固定(ding)(ding)補償投(tou)(tou)入時造成(cheng)過補而切除后母(mu)線(xian)(xian)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)又補償不足的缺點,使母(mu)線(xian)(xian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數大幅度提(ti)高(gao)并(bing)(bing)能穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)在一定(ding)(ding)的水平,從(cong)而穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)了(le)系統電(dian)壓、提(ti)高(gao)了(le)變(bian)壓器(qi)的利(li)用率(lv)。裝置由并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、串聯(lian)電(dian)抗器(qi)、電(dian)壓互(hu)感器(qi)、避(bi)雷器(qi)、投(tou)(tou)切設(she)備、控制(zhi)和(he)保護裝置等(deng)組成(cheng)。
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