得潤電氣分享史上全面的低壓電器基礎知識
低壓電器是電氣設備生產廠(chang)家不(bu)可缺(que)少的組成(cheng)部份,它(ta)的性(xing)能和作用也需要有所了解。
一、斷路器
低壓斷(duan)路器(qi)俗稱自(zi)動開關或空氣開關,用(yong)于低壓配電電路中不頻繁(fan)的通(tong)斷(duan)控(kong)制。在電路發生短路、過(guo)載(zai)或欠電壓等故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時能(neng)自(zi)動分斷(duan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)電路,是一種控(kong)制兼保護電器(qi)。
斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器的種類繁多,按(an)其用途和(he)結構特點(dian)可分(fen)為DW型框架(jia)式(shi)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器、DZ型塑料外(wai)(wai)殼式(shi)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器、DS型直流(liu)快速斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器和(he)DWX型、DWZ型限(xian)流(liu)式(shi)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器等。框架(jia)式(shi)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器主(zhu)要用作配電線路(lu)(lu)的保護開關,而塑料外(wai)(wai)殼式(shi)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)器除可用作配電線路(lu)(lu)的保護開關外(wai)(wai),還可用作電動(dong)機、照明電路(lu)(lu)及電熱電路(lu)(lu)的控制開關。
下面以(yi)塑殼斷路器為例簡單介紹斷路器的結(jie)構(gou)、工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理、使(shi)用(yong)與(yu)選(xuan)用(yong)方法。
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斷路器的結構和工作
斷路(lu)器主要由3個基本(ben)部分(fen)組成,即觸頭、滅弧(hu)系統和(he)各(ge)種脫扣(kou)(kou)器,包(bao)括過電流脫扣(kou)(kou)器、失壓(欠電壓)脫扣(kou)(kou)器、熱(re)脫扣(kou)(kou)器、分(fen)勵(li)脫扣(kou)(kou)器和(he)自由脫扣(kou)(kou)器。
圖(tu)1-8是斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)原理示意圖(tu)及(ji)圖(tu)形符(fu)號。斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)開關是靠(kao)操(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)手動或電(dian)(dian)動合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的,觸頭(tou)閉合(he)后,自由脫(tuo)扣機(ji)構(gou)將(jiang)觸頭(tou)鎖在合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)位置上(shang)。當電(dian)(dian)路發生上(shang)述故障時,通過(guo)各自的脫(tuo)扣器(qi)(qi)使自由脫(tuo)扣機(ji)構(gou)動作(zuo),自動跳(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)以實現保(bao)護作(zuo)用。分(fen)(fen)勵脫(tuo)扣器(qi)(qi)則作(zuo)為遠距離控制分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)路之(zhi)用。
過電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)脫扣(kou)器用于(yu)線路(lu)的短路(lu)和過電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保護,當線路(lu)的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大于(yu)整定的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)時,過電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)脫扣(kou)器所產(chan)生的電(dian)磁力使掛鉤(gou)脫扣(kou),動觸(chu)點在彈簧的拉力下迅速斷開,實現(xian)短路(lu)器的跳閘功能。
圖1-8 斷路器工(gong)作原理示意圖及圖形符號
熱脫(tuo)扣(kou)器用于線路的過(guo)負荷保(bao)護,工作(zuo)原理(li)和熱繼電(dian)器相(xiang)同。
失(shi)壓(ya)(欠電(dian)(dian)壓(ya))脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)用于失(shi)壓(ya)保護,如圖(tu)1-8所示,失(shi)壓(ya)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)線圈直(zhi)接接在電(dian)(dian)源上(shang),處于吸合狀態,斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)可以正常合閘;當停電(dian)(dian)或電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)很低時,失(shi)壓(ya)脫扣器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)吸力小于彈簧的(de)反力,彈簧使動鐵心向上(shang)使掛鉤脫扣,實現短路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)跳(tiao)閘功能。
分勵脫(tuo)(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)用于遠方跳閘(zha),當在遠方按下按鈕時(shi),分勵脫(tuo)(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)器(qi)得電產生電磁力,使其脫(tuo)(tuo)扣(kou)(kou)跳閘(zha)。
不同(tong)斷路器的保(bao)護(hu)是不同(tong)的,使(shi)用時應根據需要選用。在圖(tu)形符號中也可以標(biao)注其保(bao)護(hu)方式,如(ru)圖(tu)1-8所示,斷路器圖(tu)形符號中標(biao)注了失(shi)壓、過負(fu)荷、過電流3種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)方式。
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低壓斷路器選擇原理
低(di)壓斷路(lu)器(qi)的選擇應從以下幾方面考(kao)慮:
(1)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)類型(xing)的(de)選擇(ze):應根(gen)據使用(yong)(yong)場合和保護(hu)要(yao)(yao)求來選擇(ze)。如(ru)一(yi)般選用(yong)(yong)塑殼式;短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)很大時選用(yong)(yong)限流(liu)型(xing);額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)比(bi)較大或有選擇(ze)性保護(hu)要(yao)(yao)求時選用(yong)(yong)框架(jia)式;控(kong)制和保護(hu)含有半導體器(qi)件的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)時應選用(yong)(yong)直流(liu)快速斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)等(deng)。
(2)斷路(lu)器額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)、額(e)定電(dian)流應大于或等于線路(lu)、設備(bei)的正(zheng)常工(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)、工(gong)作電(dian)流。
(3)斷路器極限通斷能力大于或(huo)等(deng)于電(dian)路最大短路電(dian)流。
(4)欠(qian)電(dian)壓(ya)脫(tuo)扣(kou)器額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)等于(yu)線(xian)路額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)。
(5)過電流(liu)脫扣器(qi)的額定(ding)電流(liu)大(da)于或等于線路的最大(da)負載電流(liu)。
二、控制器
控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)是一種(zhong)手動(dong)操作(zuo),直接控制(zhi)(zhi)主電路大電流(10A~600A)的(de)開關電器(qi)。常用的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)有KT型凸輪控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)、KG型鼓型控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)和KP型平(ping)面控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi),各種(zhong)控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)作(zuo)用和工作(zuo)原理基本類(lei)似(si),下面以常用的(de)凸輪控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)為例進(jin)行說明。
凸輪控(kong)制器(qi)是一種大型的(de)(de)手動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制器(qi),主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于起(qi)重設(she)備中(zhong)直接(jie)控(kong)制中(zhong)小(xiao)型繞線(xian)式異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、停止、調速(su)、換向和制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),也適用(yong)于有(you)相同要(yao)求的(de)(de)其他電(dian)力拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)場合。
凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主要由(you)(you)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭、轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、凸(tu)(tu)輪、杠桿(gan)、手柄、滅弧罩(zhao)及(ji)定位(wei)機(ji)構(gou)等組(zu)成(cheng)。圖(tu)(tu)1-9為(wei)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)結構(gou)原理(li)示(shi)(shi)(shi)意圖(tu)(tu)及(ji)圖(tu)(tu)形符號。凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)多(duo)組(zu)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian),并由(you)(you)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)凸(tu)(tu)輪分別控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以實現對一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)較復雜電路(lu)中的(de)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)進行(xing)同(tong)時控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。由(you)(you)于(yu)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)多(duo),每個(ge)(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)在每個(ge)(ge)(ge)位(wei)置(zhi)的(de)接通(tong)情況各不相同(tong),所(suo)以不能用普通(tong)的(de)常開常閉觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)來表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)。圖(tu)(tu)1-9(a)所(suo)示(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)1極(ji)12位(wei)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)意圖(tu)(tu),圖(tu)(tu)1-9(b)所(suo)示(shi)(shi)(shi)圖(tu)(tu)形符號表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)這一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)有(you)12個(ge)(ge)(ge)位(wei)置(zhi),圖(tu)(tu)中的(de)小(xiao)黑點(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)該(gai)位(wei)置(zhi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接通(tong)。由(you)(you)示(shi)(shi)(shi)意圖(tu)(tu)可(ke)見,當(dang)手柄轉(zhuan)到2、3、4和(he)10號位(wei)時,由(you)(you)凸(tu)(tu)輪將觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接通(tong)。圖(tu)(tu)1-9(c)所(suo)示(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)5極(ji)12位(wei)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),它是(shi)由(you)(you)5個(ge)(ge)(ge)1極(ji)12位(wei)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)合而(er)成(cheng)。圖(tu)(tu)1-9(d)所(suo)示(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)4極(ji)5位(wei)凸(tu)(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)圖(tu)(tu)形符號,表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian),每個(ge)(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)有(you)5個(ge)(ge)(ge)位(wei)置(zhi),圖(tu)(tu)中的(de)小(xiao)黑點(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)在該(gai)位(wei)接通(tong)。例如,當(dang)手柄打到右側(ce)1號位(wei)時,2、4觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接通(tong)。
由于凸(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制器可(ke)直(zhi)接控(kong)(kong)制電動機工作(zuo),所以其觸(chu)頭容量大并有(you)滅(mie)弧裝置。凸(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制器的優點為控(kong)(kong)制線路簡單、開關元件(jian)少、維(wei)修(xiu)方便(bian)等,缺點為體積較大、操作(zuo)笨(ben)重(zhong)、不能實現遠距離(li)控(kong)(kong)制。目前使(shi)用(yong)的凸(tu)輪控(kong)(kong)制器有(you)KT10、KTJl4、KTJl5及KTJl6等系列(lie)。
圖(tu)1-9 凸輪控制器的結構原理示意圖(tu)及圖(tu)形(xing)符(fu)號
三、接觸器
接(jie)觸器主要用(yong)于控制電動(dong)機(ji)、電熱設備、電焊(han)機(ji)、電容器組(zu)等,能頻繁地接(jie)通或斷開交直流主電路,實現遠距離(li)自(zi)動(dong)控制。它具(ju)有低電壓釋放保護功能,在電力拖動(dong)自(zi)動(dong)控制線路中被廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。
接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)有交(jiao)(jiao)流接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)和直流接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)兩大類型。下面介(jie)紹交(jiao)(jiao)流接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)。
圖1-10所(suo)示(shi)為交流接觸器的結構示(shi)意圖及(ji)圖形符號。
圖1-10 交流(liu)接(jie)觸器的(de)結構示意圖及圖形符號
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交流接觸器的(de)組(zu)成部分
(1)電(dian)磁(ci)機構:電(dian)磁(ci)機構由(you)線圈、動鐵(tie)心(銜鐵(tie))和靜鐵(tie)心組成。
(2)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)系統(tong):交流接觸(chu)(chu)器的觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)系統(tong)包括主(zhu)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)和輔(fu)(fu)助觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)。主(zhu)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)用(yong)于通(tong)斷主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu),有3對(dui)或4對(dui)常開觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou);輔(fu)(fu)助觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)用(yong)于控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu),起電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)聯鎖或控(kong)制作(zuo)用(yong),通(tong)常有兩對(dui)常開兩對(dui)常閉觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)。
(3)滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置:容量在(zai)10A以上的(de)(de)接觸(chu)器(qi)都有滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置。對于(yu)小容量的(de)(de)接觸(chu)器(qi),常采用雙斷口橋形(xing)觸(chu)頭(tou)以利于(yu)滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu);對于(yu)大容量的(de)(de)接觸(chu)器(qi),常采用縱縫(feng)滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)罩及柵片滅(mie)弧(hu)(hu)結構。
(4)其他部件(jian):包(bao)括反作用(yong)彈簧、緩(huan)沖彈簧、觸頭壓力彈簧、傳動機構及外(wai)殼等(deng)。
接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器上標有端(duan)子標號(hao),線圈(quan)為A1、A2,主觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)1、3、5接(jie)電源側,2、4、6接(jie)負荷側。輔助觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)用兩位數表示,前(qian)一(yi)(yi)位為輔助觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)順序號(hao),后一(yi)(yi)位的3、4表示常開觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou),1、2表示常閉觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)。
接觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器的控制原理很(hen)簡單(dan),當線圈接通額定電(dian)壓時(shi),產生電(dian)磁(ci)力,克服(fu)彈簧反(fan)力,吸引動(dong)鐵(tie)心向(xiang)(xiang)下運(yun)動(dong),動(dong)鐵(tie)心帶動(dong)絕緣連(lian)桿和動(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)向(xiang)(xiang)下運(yun)動(dong)使常開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)閉合,常閉觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)斷開(kai)(kai)。當線圈失電(dian)或(huo)電(dian)壓低于(yu)釋放電(dian)壓時(shi),電(dian)磁(ci)力小(xiao)于(yu)彈簧反(fan)力,常開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)斷開(kai)(kai),常閉觸(chu)(chu)(chu)頭(tou)閉合。
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接觸器(qi)的主要技術參數和類型(xing)
(1)額定(ding)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya):接觸器的(de)額定(ding)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)指主(zhu)(zhu)觸頭的(de)額定(ding)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。交流(liu)有220V、380V和660V,在特殊場合應用(yong)的(de)額定(ding)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)達1140V,直(zhi)流(liu)主(zhu)(zhu)要有110V、220V和440V。
(2)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)流:接觸器的(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)流是(shi)指主觸頭的(de)額(e)定(ding)工作電(dian)流。它是(shi)在一定(ding)的(de)條(tiao)件(額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓、使用類別和操作頻(pin)率等(deng))下規(gui)定(ding)的(de),目前常用的(de)電(dian)流等(deng)級為10A~800A。
(3)吸引線圈(quan)的額定電壓:交(jiao)流有(you)36V、127V、220V和380V,直流有(you)24V、48V、220V和440V。
(4)機械壽(shou)(shou)命和電氣壽(shou)(shou)命:接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)是頻繁操作電器(qi),應有較高的機械和電氣壽(shou)(shou)命,該指標是產品質量(liang)的重要(yao)指標之一。
(5)額定操(cao)作(zuo)頻率:接觸器的額定操(cao)作(zuo)頻率是指每小時(shi)允許的操(cao)作(zuo)次(ci)(ci)數,一般為300次(ci)(ci)/h、600次(ci)(ci)/h和(he)1200次(ci)(ci)/h。
(6)動作值:動作值是指接觸器(qi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和釋(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。規(gui)定(ding)接觸器(qi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大于(yu)線(xian)圈額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)85%時應可靠吸(xi)(xi)合,釋(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不高于(yu)線(xian)圈額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)70%。
常用的交(jiao)流接(jie)觸器(qi)有(you)CJl0、CJl2、CJ10X、CJ20、CJXl、CJX2、3TB和3TD等(deng)系列。
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接觸器的選擇
(1)根據負載性(xing)質(zhi)選擇接觸(chu)器(qi)的類型(xing)。
(2)額(e)定電壓應大于(yu)或等于(yu)主電路工作電壓。
(3)額定(ding)電流應(ying)大(da)于(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)被控(kong)電路的額定(ding)電流。對于(yu)(yu)電動機負載(zai),還應(ying)根據其(qi)運行方式適當增(zeng)大(da)或減(jian)小。
(4)吸引線圈的額定電(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)頻(pin)率要與(yu)所在控制電(dian)(dian)路的選用電(dian)(dian)壓和頻(pin)率相一致(zhi)。
四、起動器
起(qi)動器用于三相異(yi)步電動機的起(qi)動和停止控(kong)制,它(ta)是一種成套的低壓控(kong)制裝置。
常用的(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)有QC型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi),用于遠(yuan)距離直接控(kong)制三相籠(long)型(xing)(xing)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)、停止及正(zheng)反(fan)轉控(kong)制,主要由接觸器(qi)和熱繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)組成;QJ型(xing)(xing)減壓(ya)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)采用自耦(ou)變壓(ya)器(qi)降(jiang)壓(ya),用于控(kong)制三相籠(long)型(xing)(xing)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)不(bu)頻繁減壓(ya)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制;QX型(xing)(xing)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)為(wei)星形-三角形降(jiang)壓(ya)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)。各(ge)種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路根據型(xing)(xing)號和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)容量大(da)小而(er)不(bu)同,其(qi)控(kong)制原理在第2章(zhang)中講解。
五、 主令電器
主令(ling)(ling)電器用于在控(kong)制(zhi)電路(lu)中以開關(guan)(guan)接點的(de)通斷形式來發布(bu)控(kong)制(zhi)命(ming)令(ling)(ling),使控(kong)制(zhi)電路(lu)執行(xing)對應的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)任務。主令(ling)(ling)電器應用廣泛,種類繁多,常見的(de)有按鈕(niu)、行(xing)程開關(guan)(guan)、接近(jin)開關(guan)(guan)、萬能(neng)轉換開關(guan)(guan)、主令(ling)(ling)控(kong)制(zhi)器、選擇(ze)開關(guan)(guan)、足(zu)踏開關(guan)(guan)等。
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按鈕
按鈕是一種最常用的(de)的(de)主令電器(qi),其結構(gou)簡單(dan),控制(zhi)方便(bian)。
1.按鈕的結(jie)構、種類及常用(yong)型(xing)號
按鈕由按鈕帽、復位彈簧、橋(qiao)式(shi)觸(chu)點(dian)和外(wai)殼(ke)等組成,其(qi)結(jie)構示意(yi)圖及(ji)圖形符號如圖1-20所示。觸(chu)點(dian)采用橋(qiao)式(shi)觸(chu)點(dian),額定電流(liu)在5A以下。觸(chu)點(dian)又分常(chang)(chang)開觸(chu)點(dian)(動斷觸(chu)點(dian))和常(chang)(chang)閉觸(chu)點(dian)(動合(he)觸(chu)點(dian))兩種。
按(an)鈕從外形和(he)操(cao)作方式(shi)上可以(yi)分為平鈕和(he)急停按(an)鈕,急停按(an)鈕也叫蘑菇頭按(an)鈕,如圖(tu)1-20(c)所示,除此之外還有(you)鑰匙鈕、旋鈕、拉式(shi)鈕、萬向操(cao)縱(zong)桿式(shi)、帶(dai)燈式(shi)等(deng)多(duo)種類型。
圖1-20 按鈕結構(gou)示(shi)意圖及(ji)圖形符號(hao)
從按(an)鈕的(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點動(dong)(dong)(dong)作方(fang)式可以分為(wei)直動(dong)(dong)(dong)式和微動(dong)(dong)(dong)式兩種,圖1-20中(zhong)所示(shi)的(de)(de)按(an)鈕均(jun)為(wei)直動(dong)(dong)(dong)式,其觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點動(dong)(dong)(dong)作速(su)度(du)和手按(an)下的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)有關(guan)。而(er)微動(dong)(dong)(dong)式按(an)鈕的(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點動(dong)(dong)(dong)作變換速(su)度(du)快,和手按(an)下的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)無關(guan),其動(dong)(dong)(dong)作原理(li)如圖1-21所示(shi)。動(dong)(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點由變形(xing)(xing)(xing)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian)組(zu)成,當彎(wan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian)受壓(ya)向下運動(dong)(dong)(dong)低于平形(xing)(xing)(xing)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian)時,彎(wan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian)迅速(su)變形(xing)(xing)(xing),將平形(xing)(xing)(xing)簧(huang)(huang)片(pian)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點彈向上(shang)方(fang),實現觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點瞬(shun)間動(dong)(dong)(dong)作。
小型微(wei)動式按鈕(niu)也叫微(wei)動開(kai)關,微(wei)動開(kai)關還可以用于各種繼電器(qi)(qi)和(he)限(xian)位(wei)開(kai)關中(zhong),如時間繼電器(qi)(qi)、壓力繼電器(qi)(qi)和(he)限(xian)位(wei)開(kai)關等(deng)。
圖(tu)1-21 微動(dong)式按鈕動(dong)作原理圖(tu)
按(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)一般為(wei)復(fu)位式(shi),也有自(zi)鎖式(shi)按(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu),最(zui)常(chang)用的按(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)為(wei)復(fu)位式(shi)平按(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu),如圖1-20(a)所示,其按(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)與(yu)外殼平齊,可防止異物(wu)誤碰(peng)。
2.按鈕的顏色
紅色按(an)鈕用于“停(ting)止”、“斷電”或“事故”。
綠色(se)按鈕優先用(yong)于(yu)“起(qi)動”或“通電”,但也允許(xu)選用(yong)黑、白或灰色(se)按鈕。
一鈕(niu)雙用的“起動”與(yu)“停止”或“通電(dian)”與(yu)“斷電(dian)”,即交(jiao)替按壓后改變功能的,不能用紅色(se)按鈕(niu),也不能用綠色(se)按鈕(niu),而(er)應用黑、白或灰色(se)按鈕(niu)。
按壓(ya)時(shi)運動(dong),抬起(qi)時(shi)停(ting)止運動(dong)(如(ru)點動(dong)、微動(dong)),應用(yong)黑(hei)、白、灰(hui)或(huo)綠色按鈕,最(zui)好是(shi)黑(hei)色按鈕,而(er)不能用(yong)紅色按鈕。
用于單(dan)一復位(wei)功(gong)能的,用藍、黑、白或灰色按鈕(niu)。
同(tong)時(shi)有“復(fu)位”、“停止”與“斷電”功能(neng)的用紅色按鈕。燈光按鈕不(bu)得用作(zuo)“事(shi)故”按鈕。
3.按鈕的選擇原則
(1)根據使用場(chang)合,選擇控(kong)制按鈕(niu)的(de)種類,如開啟式、防水式、防腐式等。
(2)根據(ju)用途(tu),選用合適(shi)的型式,如鑰匙式、緊(jin)急式、帶(dai)燈式等。
(3)按控制回路的需(xu)要,確定不同的按鈕數(shu),如單鈕、雙鈕、三鈕、多鈕等。
(4)按(an)工作(zuo)狀態指示和(he)工作(zuo)情況的要求(qiu),選擇按(an)鈕及指示燈的顏色(se)。
其(qi)中表(biao)1-1給出了按(an)鈕顏色的含義(yi)。
表1-1按(an)鈕顏色的含義
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行程開關
行程開關又叫限位開關,它的種類很多(duo),按運動(dong)(dong)(dong)形式(shi)可(ke)分為(wei)直動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(shi)、微動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(shi)、轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(shi)等;按觸點(dian)的性質分可(ke)為(wei)有(you)觸點(dian)式(shi)和無觸點(dian)式(shi)。
1.有觸點行程開關
有觸點行(xing)程開(kai)(kai)關簡稱行(xing)程開(kai)(kai)關,行(xing)程開(kai)(kai)關的(de)(de)工作原理和按鈕(niu)相同,區別在于它不(bu)是靠(kao)手的(de)(de)按壓(ya),而(er)是利(li)用生產機(ji)械(xie)運動的(de)(de)部件(jian)碰壓(ya)而(er)使觸點動作來發出控制指令(ling)的(de)(de)主令(ling)電器(qi)。它用于控制生產機(ji)械(xie)的(de)(de)運動方向(xiang)、速度(du)、行(xing)程大小或位置等(deng),其結構形(xing)式多種多樣。
圖(tu)1-22所示為幾種操作類型的行程開(kai)關動作原(yuan)理示意圖(tu)及(ji)圖(tu)形符號(hao)。
行程(cheng)開關(guan)(guan)的(de)主要參數有型式(shi)、動(dong)作行程(cheng)、工作電壓及觸頭的(de)電流容量。目前國內生產的(de)行程(cheng)開關(guan)(guan)有LXK3、3SE3、LXl9、LXW和LX等(deng)系列。
常用(yong)的行程開關有LX19、LXW5、LXK3、LX32和LX33等系列。
2.無觸點行程開關
無觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)開(kai)關(guan)又(you)稱接(jie)(jie)(jie)近開(kai)關(guan),它可以代替有觸(chu)(chu)頭行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)開(kai)關(guan)來完成行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)控(kong)制和限位(wei)保護(hu),還可用(yong)于高頻計數、測(ce)速、液位(wei)控(kong)制、零(ling)件尺寸檢(jian)測(ce)、加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)銜接(jie)(jie)(jie)等的(de)(de)(de)非接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式開(kai)關(guan)。由于它具(ju)有非接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)式觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)、動(dong)作(zuo)速度快(kuai)、可在不同的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)距離內動(dong)作(zuo)、發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號穩定無脈(mo)動(dong)、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)穩定可靠、壽(shou)命長、重復(fu)定位(wei)精度高以及(ji)能(neng)適(shi)應惡(e)劣的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境等特點(dian),所(suo)以在機床、紡織、印刷、塑料等工(gong)(gong)業生產中應用(yong)廣泛。
無觸(chu)點行程開(kai)關(guan)(guan)分為有源(yuan)型(xing)和無源(yuan)型(xing)兩種,多數無觸(chu)點行程開(kai)關(guan)(guan)為有源(yuan)型(xing),主(zhu)要包括檢測(ce)元件、放大電(dian)(dian)路、輸(shu)出驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)路3部分,一般采用(yong)5V~24V的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu),或(huo)220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)等(deng)。如圖1-23所(suo)示為三線式有源(yuan)型(xing)接近(jin)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)結(jie)構框圖。
接近開關按檢測(ce)元件(jian)工(gong)作原理可分為高頻振蕩型(xing)(xing)、超(chao)聲波型(xing)(xing)、電(dian)(dian)容型(xing)(xing)、電(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應型(xing)(xing)、永磁型(xing)(xing)、霍爾元件(jian)型(xing)(xing)與磁敏元件(jian)型(xing)(xing)等。不同型(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)接近開關所檢測(ce)的(de)被(bei)檢測(ce)體(ti)不同。
電容式接(jie)近開關可以檢測(ce)各種(zhong)固體、液體或粉狀(zhuang)物(wu)體,其主要由電容式振蕩器及(ji)電子電路組成,它的電容位(wei)于傳感界面,當物(wu)體接(jie)近時,將因(yin)改變(bian)了(le)電容值(zhi)而振蕩,從而產生輸出信(xin)號。
霍爾(er)接近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關用(yong)于檢測(ce)磁(ci)場,一般用(yong)磁(ci)鋼作為被檢測(ce)體。其(qi)內部(bu)的磁(ci)敏感(gan)(gan)器件僅對垂直(zhi)于傳感(gan)(gan)器端面的磁(ci)場敏感(gan)(gan),當磁(ci)極(ji)S極(ji)正(zheng)對接近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關時(shi),接近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關的輸(shu)出產生正(zheng)跳變,輸(shu)出為高電平,若磁(ci)極(ji)N極(ji)正(zheng)對接近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關時(shi),輸(shu)出為低電平。
超(chao)聲波(bo)(bo)接近開(kai)關(guan)適于檢測(ce)不能或(huo)不可觸及的目標,其(qi)(qi)控制功能不受聲、電、光等(deng)因(yin)素干擾,檢測(ce)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)可以是固(gu)體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)或(huo)粉末狀態的物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti),只要能反(fan)射(she)(she)超(chao)聲波(bo)(bo)即可。其(qi)(qi)主要由壓電陶瓷傳感器、發射(she)(she)超(chao)聲波(bo)(bo)和接收反(fan)射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)用(yong)的電子裝(zhuang)置及調節檢測(ce)范圍用(yong)的程控橋式開(kai)關(guan)等(deng)幾個部(bu)分組成。
高頻振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)式接近開關用于檢測各種金屬,主要由高頻振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)器(qi)、集(ji)成(cheng)電路或(huo)晶體(ti)管放(fang)大(da)(da)器(qi)和輸(shu)出器(qi)3部分組(zu)成(cheng),其(qi)基本工作原(yuan)理是當有(you)金屬物體(ti)接近振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)器(qi)的線(xian)圈時,該金屬物體(ti)內部產生的渦流將吸取振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)器(qi)的能量,致使(shi)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)器(qi)停(ting)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)器(qi)的振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)和停(ting)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)這(zhe)兩個信號,經整(zheng)形(xing)放(fang)大(da)(da)后轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)開關信號輸(shu)出。
接近(jin)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)輸出形式有兩線(xian)(xian)、三線(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)四線(xian)(xian)式幾種(zhong)(zhong),晶(jing)體管輸出類型有NPN和(he)(he)PNP兩種(zhong)(zhong),外形有方型、圓(yuan)型、槽型和(he)(he)分離型等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong),圖1-24為(wei)槽型三線(xian)(xian)式NPN型光電(dian)式接近(jin)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)的工(gong)作原理圖和(he)(he)遠距分離型光電(dian)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)工(gong)作示(shi)意圖。
接近開(kai)關的主要參數有型(xing)式、動作距離(li)范圍、動作頻率(lv)、響應時間、重(zhong)復(fu)精(jing)度、輸出(chu)型(xing)式、工作電壓及(ji)輸出(chu)觸點的容量等(deng)。接近開(kai)關的圖(tu)形符號(hao)可用圖(tu)1-25表示。
接近開(kai)關(guan)的產(chan)品種(zhong)類十分豐富,常用的國(guo)(guo)產(chan)接近開(kai)關(guan)有LJ、3SG和(he)LXJ18等多(duo)種(zhong)系列,國(guo)(guo)外進口及引進產(chan)品亦在國(guo)(guo)內有大量的應用。
3.有觸(chu)點行(xing)程開關的(de)選擇
有觸點(dian)行程開關的選(xuan)擇應注意以下(xia)幾(ji)點(dian):
(1)應用場合(he)及控制(zhi)對象(xiang)選擇(ze)。
(2)安裝環境(jing)選擇防(fang)護(hu)形式,如開啟式或保護(hu)式。
(3)控制回(hui)路的(de)電壓和電流(liu)。
(4)機械(xie)與行程開關的傳力與位移(yi)關系選(xuan)擇合適(shi)的頭部形式。
4.接近開關的選擇
(1)工作頻率、可靠性及精度(du)。
(2)檢測距離(li)、安裝尺寸。
(3)觸點(dian)形式(shi)(有觸點(dian)、無觸點(dian))、觸點(dian)數量及(ji)輸出形式(shi)(NPN型、PNP型)。
(4)電源(yuan)類(lei)型(xing)(直(zhi)流(liu)、交(jiao)流(liu))、電壓等級。
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轉換開關
轉換開關是一種多檔位、多觸(chu)點、能夠控(kong)制多回路(lu)的(de)主令電器(qi),主要用于各種控(kong)制設備(bei)中(zhong)線路(lu)的(de)換接(jie)、遙(yao)控(kong)和電流(liu)表、電壓表的(de)換相測量等,也可用于控(kong)制小容量電動機(ji)的(de)起(qi)動、換向(xiang)、調速。
轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)的工(gong)作(zuo)原理和凸輪控制器(qi)(qi)一樣,只是使用地點不同(tong),凸輪控制器(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要用于主(zhu)電(dian)路(lu),直接對(dui)電(dian)動機(ji)等(deng)電(dian)氣設備(bei)進行控制,而轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要用于控制電(dian)路(lu),通(tong)過繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)和接觸器(qi)(qi)間(jian)接控制電(dian)動機(ji)。常用的轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)類型(xing)主(zhu)要有兩(liang)大類,即萬能轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)和組(zu)合(he)(he)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)。二者(zhe)(zhe)的結構(gou)和工(gong)作(zuo)原理基本(ben)相(xiang)似,在某些(xie)應用場合(he)(he)下二者(zhe)(zhe)可相(xiang)互替(ti)代。轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)按(an)結構(gou)類型(xing)分為普通(tong)型(xing)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)啟組(zu)合(he)(he)型(xing)和防(fang)護(hu)組(zu)合(he)(he)型(xing)等(deng);按(an)用途又分為主(zhu)令控制用和控制電(dian)動機(ji)用兩(liang)種。轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)的圖(tu)形符號和凸輪控制器(qi)(qi)一樣,如圖(tu)1-26所示。
轉換開(kai)關的觸點通斷狀態也(ye)可以(yi)用圖表來(lai)表示(shi),如(ru)圖1-26中的4極5位(wei)轉換開(kai)關如(ru) 表1-2所示(shi)。
轉(zhuan)換開關的(de)主要參數(shu)有(you)型式、手柄類型、觸點通斷狀態表、工作電(dian)壓、觸頭(tou)數(shu)量及(ji)其電(dian)流(liu)容量,在(zai)產(chan)品說明書(shu)中都有(you)詳細說明。
常(chang)用的轉換開關有LW2、LW5、LW6、LW8、LW9、LWl2、LWl6、VK、3LB和HZ等系(xi)列,其中LW2系(xi)列用于高壓斷路器操(cao)作回(hui)路的控(kong)制(zhi),LW5、LW6系(xi)列多用于電力拖動(dong)系(xi)統中對(dui)線路或電動(dong)機實行控(kong)制(zhi),LW6系(xi)列還可裝成雙列型式,列與列之間用齒輪嚙合,并由(you)同一手柄操(cao)作,此種(zhong)開關最多可裝60對(dui)觸(chu)點。
轉換開關(guan)的選擇可(ke)以根據以下幾個方面進行:
(1)額定(ding)電(dian)壓和工作電(dian)流。
(2)手柄型式和(he)定位特征。
(3)觸(chu)點(dian)數量和接線(xian)圖編號。
(4)面板(ban)型式及標志。
六、電阻器
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣產品中不可(ke)缺少的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件(jian)(jian),可(ke)分為兩大類(lei),一類(lei)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian),用于弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品,一類(lei)為工業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器件(jian)(jian)(簡(jian)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器),用于低壓強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣線路的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流調(diao)節以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)起動、制動和調(diao)速等(deng)。
常用(yong)的電阻器有(you)ZB型(xing)板形(xing)和(he)ZG型(xing)管形(xing)電阻器,用(yong)于低壓電路中的電流(liu)調節。ZX型(xing)電阻器主要用(yong)于交直流(liu)電動機的起動、制動和(he)調速等。
電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器的主要技術參數(shu)有額定(ding)電(dian)壓、發(fa)熱(re)功率、電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值、允許電(dian)流、發(fa)熱(re)時(shi)間(jian)常數(shu)、電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)誤差及(ji)外形尺(chi)寸等。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器的圖形符號如圖1-27所示。
圖1-27 電阻器(qi)和變(bian)阻器(qi)圖形符號
七、變阻器
變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)和電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)類似,不(bu)(bu)同(tong)點在于變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是連(lian)續可調的(de)(de),而電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)的(de)(de)每段(duan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)固(gu)定,在控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中可采用(yong)串并(bing)聯或(huo)選擇不(bu)(bu)同(tong)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)方法(fa)來調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值,電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值是斷續可調的(de)(de)。
常用(yong)(yong)的(de)變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器有BC型(xing)滑線(xian)變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器,用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)及儀(yi)表等電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)控(kong)制或(huo)(huo)調節等。BL型(xing)勵(li)磁變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器用(yong)(yong)于直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)勵(li)磁或(huo)(huo)調速(su);BQ型(xing)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器用(yong)(yong)于直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong);BT型(xing)變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器用(yong)(yong)于直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)勵(li)磁或(huo)(huo)調速(su);BP型(xing)頻(pin)敏變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器用(yong)(yong)于三(san)相交流(liu)繞線(xian)式異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制。變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器的(de)主(zhu)要技術參(can)數和電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器類(lei)似。變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器的(de)圖形符(fu)號(hao)如圖1-27所(suo)示(shi)。
八、電壓調整器
電(dian)壓(ya)調整(zheng)器(qi)的(de)種類較少(shao),TD4型(xing)炭阻式電(dian)壓(ya)調整(zheng)器(qi)用于在中(zhong)小(xiao)容量的(de)交流或直(zhi)流發電(dian)機中(zhong)自(zi)動調節電(dian)壓(ya)。
九、電磁鐵
常用的電(dian)磁鐵(tie)有MQ型牽引電(dian)磁鐵(tie)、MW型起重電(dian)磁鐵(tie)、MZ型制(zhi)動電(dian)磁鐵(tie)等(deng)。
MQ型牽引電磁鐵用于(yu)在低壓交流電路中作(zuo)為機械設備及各種自(zi)動化系統操作(zuo)機構的遠(yuan)距(ju)離控制(zhi)。
MW型(xing)起(qi)重電(dian)磁(ci)鐵用于安裝在(zai)起(qi)重機械上吸(xi)引(yin)鋼鐵等磁(ci)性物質。
MZD型單相制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)和MZS型三相制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)一般用于(yu)組成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi),由制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)組成(cheng)的TJ2型交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)的示意圖如(ru)圖1-28所(suo)示,通(tong)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)安裝在一起,其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)線(xian)圈和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)線(xian)圈并聯,二者同(tong)(tong)時(shi)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)線(xian)圈先得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)緊(jin)隨其(qi)后得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吸引銜鐵(tie)使彈簧受(shou)壓(ya),閘(zha)(zha)瓦和固(gu)定在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)上的閘(zha)(zha)輪松開,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)旋轉,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)失(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),在壓(ya)縮彈簧的作用下(xia)閘(zha)(zha)瓦將閘(zha)(zha)輪抱緊(jin),使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
電磁鐵(tie)的圖形符(fu)號(hao)和電磁制動(dong)器一樣,文(wen)字符(fu)號(hao)為YA。
電磁制(zhi)動器的圖(tu)形(xing)符(fu)號如(ru)圖(tu)1-28所示。
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