1 概述

科學技術為人們的生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)活帶來了極(ji)大(da)的便(bian)利，電力系統(tong)隨著用(yong)戶要求(qiu)的增長不斷的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提高(gao)，并(bing)且隨著用(yong)戶自動化要求(qiu)的提高(gao)，對(dui)于電源電壓(ya)更是要求(qiu)越(yue)來越(yue)高(gao)，以此(ci)保證電力系統(tong)的穩(wen)定。局部電網由于發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)程度(du)有限，其會受(shou)到(dao)(dao)動性負荷的影響從(cong)而導(dao)致電壓(ya)波(bo)動，或(huo)者功(gong)率因數(shu)惡(e)化，當(dang)電網出(chu)現該種(zhong)現象后，會極(ji)大(da)的影響自動化電氣設備的壽命，并(bing)且自動化越(yue)高(gao)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)影響越(yue)大(da)，從(cong)而間接性阻礙了企業的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。所以，電力補償系統(tong)能夠對(dui)系統(tong)功(gong)率因數(shu)進行改(gai)善，穩(wen)定系統(tong)電壓(ya)，這成為了電力系統(tong)研究的必(bi)然趨勢。

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)并(bing)聯(lian)到(dao)配電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)中能(neng)夠有(you)效對電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分(fen)布予以改善，且能(neng)夠有(you)效減少(shao)線路(lu)損(sun)耗，增加線路(lu)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)能(neng)力，提高(gao)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率因(yin)數，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)操(cao)作簡便可(ke)(ke)行性(xing)較高(gao)，所(suo)以在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)中得(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)廣泛應用(yong)。為了(le)(le)提高(gao)波動(dong)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應性(xing)，對補償(chang)(chang)容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)可(ke)(ke)以通過電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)組(zu)投切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)，靜止補償(chang)(chang)器(qi)是電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)中相(xiang)應速度較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)且不會產生機械磨損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部件，但是TSC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制系統(tong)(tong)較為復雜，應用(yong)在(zai)高(gao)壓(ya)系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶匣管(guan)，其(qi)并(bing)聯(lian)技術(shu)不易實現隔離(li)出(chu)發，這(zhe)(zhe)樣不但無法保證系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)，并(bing)且成本過高(gao)。

考慮到上述(shu)問(wen)題(ti)，對配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的負(fu)荷波動(dong)慢(man)的可(ke)以通過并聯電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組投(tou)入真空接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)提高(gao)設備的性能，該種接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)在控制(zhi)上更(geng)為便(bian)捷(jie)，能夠多次頻繁操作(zuo)，并且不(bu)需(xu)要對滅弧室進行檢修。文(wen)章中介紹的自(zi)行研制(zhi)的10kV無功(gong)補償是采用(yong)的接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)對電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組進行投(tou)切，從(cong)實際的操作(zuo)中可(ke)以看出(chu)(chu)，該種系(xi)(xi)統(tong)不(bu)但(dan)具有簡單的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)結構，同時性能以及成本(ben)投(tou)入上都具有極高(gao)的價值，且其(qi)(qi)補償效果較(jiao)之(zhi)其(qi)(qi)他方式也十分突出(chu)(chu)，因此應用(yong)前景極其(qi)(qi)廣闊。

2 結構

2.1 主回路

針(zhen)對(dui)該(gai)(gai)(gai)補償系(xi)統，在(zai)(zai)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)會出現電(dian)容(rong)(rong)故(gu)(gu)障或者相間(jian)短路(lu)，因此(ci)為避(bi)免該(gai)(gai)(gai)種現象以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)(zai)出現單相接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)(gu)障后(hou)(hou)系(xi)統的(de)(de)對(dui)地(di)電(dian)流，系(xi)統電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組往往采用(yong)(yong)單Y型(xing)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)方式，以(yi)該(gai)(gai)(gai)種不接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)的(de)(de)中(zhong)性點(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)方式避(bi)免上(shang)(shang)述(shu)問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。但是(shi)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)合(he)閘(zha)時會出現涌流并(bing)且還會對(dui)諧波(bo)(bo)進行(xing)(xing)放大，為避(bi)免該(gai)(gai)(gai)種現象的(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)回路(lu)上(shang)(shang)串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)(xing)改善。但是(shi)必(bi)須要注意我國目(mu)前在(zai)(zai)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)回路(lu)中(zhong)串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，一(yi)(yi)般其感抗(kang)值(zhi)(zhi)為電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)4.5%至6%之間(jian)或者12%至13%之間(jian)，如此(ci)一(yi)(yi)來(lai)，就會造成電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)時的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)被(bei)提高(gao)(gao)，那么過(guo)壓(ya)就會在(zai)(zai)分(fen)閘(zha)時產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，因而一(yi)(yi)些(xie)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組在(zai)(zai)投(tou)入運(yun)行(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)效率(lv)不高(gao)(gao)，有(you)些(xie)甚至是(shi)在(zai)(zai)某些(xie)情況下無(wu)法投(tou)運(yun)。針(zhen)對(dui)此(ci)類問題(ti)(ti)，可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)設備中(zhong)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)具有(you)濾波(bo)(bo)功能的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，但是(shi)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)加入肯(ken)定會加大投(tou)資，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)設備的(de)(de)成本。針(zhen)對(dui)該(gai)(gai)(gai)種問題(ti)(ti)，不一(yi)(yi)定必(bi)須加裝(zhuang)(zhuang)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)組安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)前，首先對(dui)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)現場(chang)諧波(bo)(bo)情況進行(xing)(xing)研究了(le)解，只(zhi)需(xu)要保證電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)諧波(bo)(bo)頻率(lv)以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)諧波(bo)(bo)頻率(lv)比(bi)最低次諧波(bo)(bo)小便可，如此(ci)一(yi)(yi)來(lai)就有(you)效控制了(le)電(dian)抗(kang)值(zhi)(zhi)。因此(ci)針(zhen)對(dui)該(gai)(gai)(gai)系(xi)統，電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)抗(kang)值(zhi)(zhi)只(zhi)需(xu)要為電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)的(de)(de)百分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)便可。此(ci)外，串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大多適(shi)用(yong)(yong)干式電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)種電(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)較強的(de)(de)機械強度，并(bing)且噪(zao)音低，無(wu)需(xu)過(guo)大的(de)(de)維(wei)護量。

2.2 對回路(lu)有效保護

系(xi)(xi)統可以(yi)頻(pin)繁操(cao)作，不需要(yao)頻(pin)繁的檢(jian)修(xiu)滅弧室，不會(hui)發(fa)生少油斷路器出油故(gu)障等，這(zhe)些都(dou)是(shi)真空接觸(chu)器所具有(you)(you)的優點，但是(shi)在(zai)斷開真空接觸(chu)器后會(hui)發(fa)生重(zhong)燃故(gu)障，從而產生操(cao)作過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，引發(fa)一些系(xi)(xi)統故(gu)障。針(zhen)對該類問題，可以(yi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)加(jia)裝(zhuang)避雷器予(yu)以(yi)消除(chu)，本系(xi)(xi)統所使用的避雷器為(wei)氧(yang)化(hua)鋅避雷器，主要(yao)用以(yi)保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器。需要(yao)注意的是(shi)，在(zai)中性點對地(di)加(jia)設避雷器能夠有(you)(you)效對重(zhong)燃過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)進行限制(zhi)，并且氧(yang)化(hua)鋅避雷器在(zai)保(bao)(bao)護系(xi)(xi)統的過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中不會(hui)承受電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

放電(dian)線(xian)圈并聯在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)中能(neng)夠(gou)將電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)荷及(ji)時(shi)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)釋放掉(diao)，并對(dui)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)涌(yong)流作(zuo)第二次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)降低，以(yi)此預防由于電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)過流而發生(sheng)設備(bei)爆炸(zha)，保(bao)證了操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)安全。在(zai)此基礎上放電(dian)線(xian)圈還(huan)具有(you)(you)繼(ji)電(dian)保(bao)護功能(neng)以(yi)及(ji)測量(liang)功能(neng)，放電(dian)線(xian)圈能(neng)夠(gou)形成保(bao)護電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，這是(shi)其巨(ju)大優勢，當電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)組(zu)在(zai)星型(xing)接線(xian)內發生(sheng)故障(zhang)時(shi)，即便(bian)只是(shi)其中一(yi)臺出(chu)現了故障(zhang)，那么(me)在(zai)中性點處(chu)就會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)位移(yi)(yi)電(dian)壓(ya)，若是(shi)該(gai)處(chu)產(chan)生(sheng)了過高的(de)(de)(de)位移(yi)(yi)電(dian)壓(ya)，則有(you)(you)可能(neng)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)個跳閘動作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)令信號，將該(gai)組(zu)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)從(cong)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)系(xi)統(tong)中切除出(chu)去。

此外，只針對負荷電流進行(xing)切斷，對于線路中的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路電流不產生作用，系(xi)統還(huan)在(zai)每臺電容器(qi)(qi)前加裝了(le)噴(pen)逐式熔斷器(qi)(qi)，用以避免過流現(xian)象對系(xi)統電路的(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞。同時，系(xi)統還(huan)為過壓以及欠(qian)壓現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)做(zuo)了(le)預(yu)先的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統保護(hu)措施(shi)，并且還(huan)具有拒動閉(bi)鎖功能(neng)，用以提高系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)自我保護(hu)能(neng)力，使得設備(bei)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性有效(xiao)提升。

3 控制策略

檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)量和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)目(mu)標決(jue)定了(le)控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和(he)復雜程(cheng)度。傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)設備往(wang)往(wang)以功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)目(mu)標，這(zhe)(zhe)種方(fang)(fang)式(shi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)輕載時(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)(yi)發(fa)生投(tou)(tou)(tou)切振蕩(dang)、重載時(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)達到(dao)充分補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷。在(zai)(zai)低壓(ya)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)簡(jian)(jian)便易(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法是在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)由(you)正變到(dao)負(fu)的(de)(de)(de)過零(ling)點采集相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)(zhi)（即無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)最大值(zhi)(zhi)），并(bing)按無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)大小調(diao)節補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)級(ji)數(shu)，但在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)點非(fei)直接接地的(de)(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)易(yi)(yi)采集，因此(ci)這(zhe)(zhe)種檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)法也(ye)行(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)通(tong)。本系統(tong)(tong)(tong)以無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)Q作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)目(mu)標，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)目(mu)標和(he)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)手段一(yi)致，這(zhe)(zhe)種控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)取得良好的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)效(xiao)果。檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點的(de)(de)(de)設置同(tong)樣會(hui)影(ying)響補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點可(ke)(ke)設在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)端(duan)b點，檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)QL并(bing)據(ju)此(ci)決(jue)定補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量，這(zhe)(zhe)種開(kai)環控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)簡(jian)(jian)單(dan)、可(ke)(ke)一(yi)次快速(su)投(tou)(tou)(tou)切多(duo)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，但補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)精度較差。本系統(tong)(tong)(tong)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點設在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)前端(duan)a點，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)QZ，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)根據(ju)已投(tou)(tou)(tou)入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量QC得到(dao)負(fu)載應投(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量。這(zhe)(zhe)種閉環控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)具(ju)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)精度，又具(ju)有(you)動態補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)快速(su)性(xing)(xing)。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)分級(ji)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，閉環控(kong)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)出現投(tou)(tou)(tou)切振蕩(dang)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)完全補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)點附近(jin)設定了(le)一(yi)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)格(ge)區，并(bing)使其寬度大于單(dan)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)量，從而避免了(le)發(fa)生投(tou)(tou)(tou)切振蕩(dang)。另外在(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)無(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)首(shou)先應保證系統(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)(zai)合(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)內，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)于其上限(xian)時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)采取逐級(ji)切除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法切除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，直至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)滿(man)足要(yao)求。

4 結束語

文章在上述內容(rong)中(zhong)(zhong)針對10kV配電網(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)關高壓(ya)無(wu)功(gong)補償中(zhong)(zhong)的自(zi)動補償系統進(jin)行(xing)了介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)，并(bing)且著重論述了在系統中(zhong)(zhong)采用真空接(jie)觸器(qi)對并(bing)聯電容(rong)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)投切，從而根據系統負荷(he)變(bian)化要求進(jin)行(xing)補償容(rong)量調整(zheng)，對電力(li)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數予以提高，并(bing)對電壓(ya)質量進(jin)行(xing)改善，并(bing)且通過對變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)容(rong)量的有(you)效利(li)用，還能夠提高電能的利(li)用率(lv)。文章所介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)的該系統在應用上具(ju)有(you)著十分(fen)廣闊(kuo)的前景(jing)，還是值得(de)做進(jin)一步研(yan)究，并(bing)投入使用的。

安徽得潤電氣技術有限公司就是根據電網的應用研發出了新一代10KV高壓無功自動補償裝置，填補了此(ci)空缺，為廣大用戶解決了無功功率自(zi)動補償問題(ti)。

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